Orthodox Christmas is celebrated on January 7 by many Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Christians, including churches in Russia, Serbia, Georgia, Ethiopia and Egypt's Coptic community. They celebrate Christmas on December 25 of the older Julian calendar, which currently falls on January 7 in the Gregorian calendar used by most of the world. Millions of people, including many in the United States, celebrate with church services, fasting and festive family meals.
History of Orthodox Christmas
In 46 BC, Julius Caesar introduced the Julian calendar. Because its year was slightly too long, it gradually drifted from the seasons. In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar to correct the drift, and Catholic countries adopted it. Many Orthodox churches kept the Julian calendar for religious holidays.
Today, the Julian calendar is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar, so December 25 in the Julian calendar falls on January 7. This difference will grow to 14 days in 2100.
Not all Orthodox churches celebrate on January 7. In the 20th century, several, including the Greek Orthodox Church, adopted a revised calendar and celebrate Christmas on December 25. The Orthodox Church of Ukraine moved to December 25 in 2023. Churches that celebrate on January 7 include the Russian, Serbian, Georgian, Ethiopian and Coptic Orthodox churches.
Why Orthodox Christmas Matters
Orthodox Christmas is a major religious holiday for millions of people worldwide, including many immigrant communities in the United States.
Its date shows how calendars, history and tradition shape the way holidays are celebrated.
Learning about Orthodox Christmas helps people understand and respect neighbors and colleagues who celebrate on a different date.
How to Celebrate Orthodox Christmas
- Attend a service: many Orthodox churches welcome visitors.
- Share a meal: try traditional dishes like kutia, a sweet wheat porridge.
- Learn the calendar: compare the Julian and Gregorian calendars.
- Greet friends: wish Orthodox friends a Merry Christmas on January 7.
- Explore traditions: learn about Ethiopian Genna or Serbian Badnjak customs.
Celebrating at Work, School and Home
At work, be aware that Orthodox colleagues may celebrate on January 6–7 and may appreciate flexible time off. In classrooms, students can learn about calendar systems and how different cultures celebrate Christmas. At home, families can learn about Orthodox traditions, try a traditional recipe or greet Orthodox friends and neighbors. Many Orthodox Christians fast for weeks before Christmas, ending with a festive meal.
Fun Facts About Orthodox Christmas
- The Julian calendar is currently 13 days behind the Gregorian.
- The Greek Orthodox Church celebrates Christmas on December 25.
- The Orthodox Church of Ukraine moved Christmas to December 25 in 2023.
Orthodox Christmas FAQs
When is Orthodox Christmas?
Orthodox Christmas is celebrated on January 7 by churches following the Julian calendar.
Why is Orthodox Christmas on January 7?
December 25 in the Julian calendar currently falls on January 7 in the Gregorian calendar.
Do all Orthodox Christians celebrate on January 7?
No. Some, including the Greek Orthodox Church, celebrate on December 25.
Which churches celebrate Christmas on January 7?
The Russian, Serbian, Georgian, Ethiopian and Coptic Orthodox churches, among others.
What foods are eaten at Orthodox Christmas?
Traditions vary; examples include kutia, fish and festive breads.
Will the date of Orthodox Christmas change?
In 2100, the gap will grow to 14 days, moving it to January 8.