Juneteenth, on June 19, commemorates the end of slavery in the United States. On this date in 1865, Union troops arrived in Galveston, Texas, and announced that enslaved people were free, more than two years after the Emancipation Proclamation. Juneteenth, a combination of 'June' and 'nineteenth', is a day of celebration, reflection and education, and has been a federal holiday since 2021.
History of Juneteenth
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, declaring enslaved people in Confederate states free. However, it could not be enforced in areas under Confederate control. Texas, the westernmost Confederate state, had few Union troops, and slavery continued there.
On June 19, 1865, Union General Gordon Granger arrived in Galveston and issued General Order No. 3, announcing that 'all slaves are free'. About 250,000 enslaved people in Texas gained their freedom, though news spread slowly and some enslavers resisted. Slavery was formally abolished nationwide with the 13th Amendment in December 1865.
Formerly enslaved people in Texas began celebrating 'Jubilee Day' in 1866 with prayer, food, music and gatherings. Celebrations spread as Black Texans moved to other states. Texas made Juneteenth a state holiday in 1980. After years of advocacy, including by activist Opal Lee, President Joe Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act on June 17, 2021.
Why Juneteenth Matters
Juneteenth marks a pivotal moment in American history and celebrates freedom, resilience and African American culture.
It is also a time to reflect on the long struggle for civil rights and equality that continued after emancipation.
Learning about Juneteenth helps people understand that freedom did not arrive for everyone at the same time, and that the work of building a more just society continues.
How to Celebrate Juneteenth
- Learn the history: read about General Order No. 3 and the Emancipation Proclamation.
- Attend a celebration: join a local parade, festival or cookout.
- Support Black-owned businesses: shop or dine locally.
- Visit a museum: explore the National Museum of African American History and Culture or a local museum.
- Read and listen: explore books and music by Black authors and artists.
Celebrating at Work, School and Home
At work, organizations can provide the day off, host educational talks, or support Black-owned businesses and community organizations. Avoid using the day purely for marketing. In classrooms, students can study primary sources, such as General Order No. 3, learn about the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment, and explore Juneteenth traditions. At home, families can attend community celebrations, read books together, cook traditional foods, or talk with older relatives about family history. Red foods and drinks, like strawberry soda and red velvet cake, are a traditional part of many celebrations.
Fun Facts About Juneteenth
- General Order No. 3 was issued in Galveston on June 19, 1865.
- Texas made Juneteenth a state holiday in 1980.
- Juneteenth became a federal holiday in 2021.
Juneteenth FAQs
When is Juneteenth?
Juneteenth is June 19.
Why is it called Juneteenth?
It combines 'June' and 'nineteenth'.
When did Juneteenth become a federal holiday?
In 2021.
What happened on June 19, 1865?
General Gordon Granger announced freedom for enslaved people in Texas.