Cinco de Mayo, Spanish for 'Fifth of May', commemorates the Mexican army's victory over French forces at the Battle of Puebla in 1862. In the United States, it has become a widely celebrated festival of Mexican American culture, with parades, music, dance and food. Many people mistakenly believe it is Mexico's Independence Day, which is actually September 16. Learning the true history makes the celebration more meaningful.
History of Cinco de Mayo
In 1861, Mexico was struggling with debt after years of conflict, and President Benito Juárez suspended payments to foreign countries. France, under Napoleon III, sent troops to Mexico, hoping to establish an empire there.
On May 5, 1862, a smaller and poorly equipped Mexican force led by General Ignacio Zaragoza defeated the French army at the Battle of Puebla. The victory was a huge boost to Mexican morale, though France later captured Mexico City and installed an emperor. French forces finally withdrew in 1867.
Cinco de Mayo became especially important to Mexican Americans in California, who celebrated the victory as early as 1863 as a symbol of resistance and freedom, at a time when the U.S. was fighting its own Civil War. During the civil rights movement of the 1960s, Chicano activists embraced the day as a symbol of pride. In Mexico, it is mainly celebrated in the state of Puebla.
Why Cinco de Mayo Matters
Cinco de Mayo celebrates courage and resilience, as well as the rich culture and contributions of Mexican Americans.
It is also an opportunity to learn real history and to move beyond stereotypes, such as costumes that mock culture.
Many communities use the day to support Mexican American businesses, artists and musicians. Celebrating respectfully means learning about the culture, enjoying authentic food and art, and listening to Mexican American voices.
How to Celebrate Cinco de Mayo
- Learn the history: read about the Battle of Puebla.
- Eat authentic food: try mole poblano, a dish from Puebla, or visit a local Mexican restaurant.
- Enjoy music and dance: listen to mariachi or watch folklórico dancers.
- Support local businesses: shop at Mexican American–owned stores.
- Celebrate respectfully: avoid stereotypes such as sombrero costumes or fake mustaches.
Celebrating at Work, School and Home
At work, celebrations can highlight Mexican culture through authentic food from local businesses or music, while avoiding stereotypes. Invite colleagues of Mexican heritage to share traditions if they wish, without pressuring anyone. In classrooms, students can learn about the Battle of Puebla, compare Cinco de Mayo with Mexican Independence Day, make papel picado (cut-paper banners), and learn some Spanish words. At home, families can cook a Mexican dish together, listen to mariachi music, or attend a community festival. Choose recipes and decorations that honor the culture.
Fun Facts About Cinco de Mayo
- The Battle of Puebla took place on May 5, 1862.
- Mexican Independence Day is September 16.
- Mexican Americans in California celebrated the victory as early as 1863.
Cinco de Mayo FAQs
When is Cinco de Mayo?
Cinco de Mayo is May 5.
Is Cinco de Mayo Mexico's Independence Day?
No; Mexican Independence Day is September 16.
What happened on May 5, 1862?
Mexican forces defeated the French army at the Battle of Puebla.
Is Cinco de Mayo a big holiday in Mexico?
It is celebrated mainly in the state of Puebla.